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IEA warns of growing risks for copper supply chains
The International Energy Agency (IEA) warns in its 2025 outlook that copper and other critical minerals face heightened supply chain risks. The industry is under pressure from growing challenges, including tighter export restrictions and heavy reliance on just a handful of producing countries. Meanwhile, investment and exploration in the sector are declining.
The IEA projects a potential 30% copper supply shortfall by 2035, as surging demand for grid expansions clashes with inadequate mining capacity growth.
In 2024, just three countries control 86% of the key metals market, including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and graphite. Nearly all new production comes from a single source—Indonesia for nickel and China for the rest.
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